Relationships Among Trait, Situational, and Comparative Optimism: Clarifying Concepts for a Theoretically Consistent and Evidence-Based Intervention to Maximize Resilience

References 

1. Armor D, Taylor S. Situated optimism: Specific outcome expectations and self-regulation. In:  Zanna MP editors. Coping with stress: Advances in experimental social psychology. 30:New York: Academic Press; 1998;p. 309–379
2. Atkins D, Fink K, Slutsky J. Better information for better health care: The Evidence-Based Practice Center Program and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2005;142:1035–1143
3. Carper BA. Fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing. Advances in Nursing Science. 1978;1:13–23
4. Cattell RB, Eber HW, Tatsuoka MM. Handbook for the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire. Champaign, IL: IPAT; 1977;
5. Chang E, Sanna L. Optimism, accumulated life stress, and psychological and physical adjustment: Is it always adaptive to expect the best?. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2004;22(1):97–115
6. Fawcett J, Neuman B, Walker P, Fitzpatrick J. On nursing theories and evidence. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2001;33:115–119
7. Gordon EW, Song LD. In:  Wang MC,  Gorden EW editor. Educational resilience in inner-city America. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1994;p. 27–43
8. Hauser ST. Understanding resilient outcomes: Adolescent lives across time and generations. Journal of Research on Adolescence. 1999;9(1):101–104
9. Johnson JE. Coping with radiation therapy: Optimism and the effect of preparatory interventions. Research in Nursing & Health. 1996;19:3–12
   • MEDLINE
   • CrossRef
10. Kruger J, Burrus J. Egocentrism and focalism in unrealistic optimism (and pessimism). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2004;40:332–340
11. Lazarus R. Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996;
12. Mershon B, Gorsuch RL. Number of factors in the personality sphere: Does increase in factors increase predictability of real life criteria?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988;55:675–680
    • CrossRef
13. Mischel W. Personality and assessment. New York: Wiley; 1968;
14. Norlander T, Bergman H, Archer T. Relative consistency of personality characteristics and efficacy of a 12-month training program in facilitating coping strategies. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal. 2002;30(8):773–784
15. Pearson A. A broader view of evidence. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2005;11(3):93
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
16. Puskar K, Sereika S, Lamb J, Tusaie-Mumford K, McGuinness T. Optimism and its relationship to depression, coping, anger, and life events in rural adolescents. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 1999;20:115–130
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
17. Reed D, Price E, Windesh D, Wright S, Gozu A, Hsu E, et al. Challenges in systematic reviews of educational intervention studies. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2005;142:1080–1090
18. Scheier M, Weintraub J, Carver C. Coping with stress: Divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986;51:1257–1264
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
19. Scheir M, Carver C, Bridges M. Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem: A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1994;67(6):1063–1078
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
20. Scott-Findlay S, Pollock C. Evidence, research, knowledge: A call for conceptual clarity. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, Second Quarter. 2004;92:7
21. Spear L. Neurodevelopment during adolescence. In:  Cicchetti D,  Walker E editor. Neurodevelopmental mechanisms in psychopathology. New York: Cambridge University; 2003;p. 62–83
22. Tarlier D. Mediating the meaning of evidence through epistemological diversity. Nursing Inquiry. 2005;12(2):126–134
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
23. Taylor WC, Baranowski T, Klesges L, Ey S, Pratt C, Rochon J, et al. Psychometric properties of optimism and pessimism: Results from the Girls' Health Enrichment Multisite Studies. Preventive Medicine. 2004;38:69
24. Tiger L. Optimism: The biology of hope. New York: Simon and Schuster; 1979;
25. Tusaie-Mumford, K. (2001). Psychosocial resilience in rural adolescents: Optimism, perceived social support and gender differences. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
26. US Census . Erie County Statistics. Retrieved July 10, 2005 from http://www.census.gov2000;
27. Werner E, Smith R. Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithica, NY: Cornell University Press; 1992;
28. Whalen CK, Henker B, O'Neil R, Hollingshead J, Holman A, Moore B. Optimism in children's judgments of health and environmental risks. Health Psychology. 1994;13:319–325