Archives of Psychiatric Nursing
Volume 21, Issue 5 , Pages 249-256 , October 2007

Clinical Presentation and Therapeutic Interventions for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Post-Katrina

  • Jacqueline Rhoads

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Jacqueline Rhoads, PhD, APRN, ACNP-BC, ANP-C, CCRN, Professor, Director, Primary Care Community Health Public Health Nursing Program, LSUHSC School of Nursing, New Orleans, LA 70112.
    • ,
  • Timothy Pearmanweb address
    • ,
  • Susan Rick

References 

  1. Anderson T. PTSD in children and adolescents (Great Cities Institute MC107). Chicago: College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs, University of Illinois; 2005;Great Cities Institute Publication Number: GCP-05-04
  2. Basoglu M, Mineka S, Paker M, Aker T, Livanou M, Gök S. Psychological preparedness for trauma as a protective factor in survivors of torture. Psychological Medicine. 1997;27:1421–1433
  3. Blank AS. Clinical detection, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1994;17:351–383
  4. Brady KT. Posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbidity: Recognizing the many faces of PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997;58(Suppl 9):12–15
  5. Bring New Orleans Back, Health and Social Services Committee Report and Recommendations to the Commission. (2006). Retrieved January 18, 2006, from http://www.bringneworleansback.com/Portals/BringNewOrleansBack/Resources/Health%20and%20Social%20Services%20Report%20Attachment%20E.pdf2006;
  6. Brodie M. Experiences of Hurricane Katrina evacuees in Houston shelters: Implications for future planning. American Journal of Public Health. 2006;96(8):1402–1408
  7. Bryant RA. Psychosocial approaches of acute stress reactions. CNS Spectrum. 2005;10(2):116–122
  8. Bryant RA, Harvey AG. Acute stress disorder: A critical review of diagnostic issues. Clinical Psychology Review. 1997;17:757–773
  9. Cappiello J. Assessing public health and the delivery of care in the wake of Katrina. Washington, DC: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; 2005;September 22, 2005 09:30 AM. Retrieved July 19, 2006, http://energycommerce.house.gov/108/Hearings/09222005hearing1643/Cappiello2617.htm
  10. Department of Health and Hospitals . Hurricane recovery plans; and LPHI, “Mental and Behavioral Health Services Clinic Operations Summary,” on “NOLA Dashboard,” 19 June 2006. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Public Health Institute; 2006;
  11. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed., revised.. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000;p. 318
  12. Disaster Mental Health Response Handbook. NSW Health. State Health Publication No. (CMH) 001450. North Sydney, NSW, Centre for Mental Health.. 2006;www.nswiop.nsw.edu.au
  13. Everly GS, Mitchell JT. The prevention of work-related post-traumatic stress: The critical incident stress debriefing process (CISD). In: Paper presented at the Second APA/NIOSH Conference on Occupational Stress, Washington, DC. 1992, November;
  14. Fletcher LE, et al. Rebuilding after Katrina: A population-based study of labor and human rights in New Orleans. http://www.hrcberkeley.org/download/report_katrina.pdf2006, June;(accessed 18 July 2006)
  15. Foa E, Cahill SP, Boscarino JA, et al. Social, psychological, and psychiatric interventions following terrorist attacks: Recommendations for practice and research. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30:1806–1817
  16. Foa E, Keane T, Friedman MJ. Treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2000;
  17. Foa EB, Stein DJ, McFarlane AC. Symptomatology and psychopathology of mental health problems after disaster. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006;67(Suppl 2):15–25
  18. Friedman MJ. Current and future drug treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder patients. Psychiatric Annals. 1998;28:461–468
  19. Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Stress-induced immune dysfunction: Implications for health. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2005;5:243–251
  20. Gray M. Behavioral interventions for recent trauma behavioral modification. Behavioral Modification. 2005;29(1):189–215
  21. Hamblen J. PTSD in children and adolescents. United States Department of Veteran Affairs National Center for PTSD. http://.ncptsd.va.gov/facts/specific/fs_children.html2006;
  22. Hertlein KM, Ricci RJ. A systematic research synthesis of EMDR studies: Implementation of the platinum standard. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2004;5(3):285–300
  23. Kaiser Family Foundation . Louisiana: Health insurance coverage of nonelderly 0–64, States (2003–2004), U.S. (2004). http://www.statehealthfacts.org/cgi-bin/healthfacts.cgi?action=compare&category=Health+Coverage+%26+Uninsured&subcategory=Health+Insurance+Status&topic=Nonelderly+%280%2d64%292003;(accessed 10 August 2006)
  24. Kaiser Family Foundation . Louisiana: Health status, 2005. http://www.statehealthfacts.org/cgi-bin/healthfacts.cgi?action=profile&area=Louisiana&welcome=1&category=Health+Status2005;(accessed 23 May 2006)
  25. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet EJ, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1995;52(12):1048–1060
  26. Kitchiner N, Bisson J, Roberts N. The use of EMDR in the treatment of PTSD. Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry. 2005;9(8):19–22
  27. Koopman C, Classen CC, Cardena E, Spiegel D. When disaster strikes, acute stress disorder may follow. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1995;8(1):29–46
  28. Lamberg L. Katrina survivors strive to reclaim their lives. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2006;296(5):499–502
  29. Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, Bureau of Primary Care and Rural Health . Hurricane recovery plans. Baton Rouge: DHH; 2006, April;
  30. Louisiana Health Care Report Card. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, Office of Public Health; 2003;http://www.oph.dhh.state.la.us/recordsstatistics/statistics/page359d.html?page=557
  31. Louisiana Recovery Authority . 2006 Quarterly report: February–May 2006. http://www.lra.louisiana.gov/assets/quarterlyreport/LRAQuarterlyReport060606pdf.pdf2006;(accessed 25 July 2006)
  32. Lovell K, Marks IM, Noshirvani H, et al. Do cognitive and exposure treatments improve various PTSD symptoms differently? A randomized controlled trial. Behavior and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 2001;29(1):107–112
  33. Lubit R. PTSD in children. Emedicine May 3, 2006. http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic3026.htm2006;
  34. Macy RD, Behar L, Paulson R, Delman J, Schmid L, Smith SF. Community-based, acute posttraumatic stress management: A description and evaluation of a psychosocial-intervention continuum. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2004;12(4):217–228
  35. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report CDC Weekly. (2006). April 28, 2006/Vol. 55/No. 16 Workers' Memorial Day—April 28, 2006. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/weekcvol.html. Accessed July 2007.
  36. Myer RA, Moore HB. Crisis in context theory: An ecological model. Journal of Counseling and Development. 2006;84:139–147
  37. National Center for Disaster Preparedness . On the edge: Children and families displaced by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita face a looming medical and mental health crisis, April 2006. http://www.ncdp.mailman.columbia.edu/program_special.htm2006;(accessed 10 August 2006)
  38. National Center for PTSD . Facts about PTSD. Retrieved Dec 19, 2006 http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/2006;
  39. New Orleans Mental Health Crisis. (2006). Documented in Medical Journal New Orleans City Business, Aug 2, 2006 issue. Available at: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4200/is_20060802/ai_n16658018. Accessed July 2006.
  40. Norris FH, Friedman MJ, Watson PJ. 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part II. Summary and implications of the disaster mental health research. Psychiatry. 2002;65(3):240–260
  41. NSW Institute of Psychiatry and Centre for Mental Health . Disaster mental health response handbook. North Sydney: NSW Health; 2000;
  42. PriceWaterhouseCoopers for the Louisiana Recovery Authority Support Foundation . Report on Louisiana healthcare delivery and financing system, April 2006. http://www.lra.louisiana.gov/assets/PwChealthcarereport42706l.pdf2006;(accessed 18 July 2006)
  43. Rhoads, J. (2003). LSUHSC Needs Assessment Survey. Unpublished report. LSUHSC School of Nursing, New Orleans, LA.
  44. Richmond RL. Types of psychological treatment. A guide to psychology and its practice.. Retrieved 19 March 2006 www.guidetopsychology.com2006;
  45. Ross DC, Wachino V. Medicaid categorical eligibility rules are proving a major obstacle to getting health coverage to impoverished Katrina victims in Louisiana.. http://www.cbpp.org/9-26-05health.pdf2005, September;(accessed 14 July 2006)
  46. Rothbaum BO, Foa EB. Reclaiming your life after rape. New York: The Psychological Corporation; 1999;
  47. Rudowitz, R., Rowland, D., & Shartzer, A. (2006). Health care in New Orleans before and after Hurricane Katrina. Health Affairs, 25(5); w393--w406.
  48. Shapiro F. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Basic principles, protocols and procedures. 2nd ed.. New York: Guilford Press; 2001;
  49. Tarrier N, Lewis S, Haddock G, Bentall R, Drake R, Kinderman P, et al. Cognitive–behavioural therapy in first-episode and early schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;184:231–239
  50. Ursano RJ, Grieger TA, McCarroll JE. Prevention of posttraumatic stress: Consultation, training, and early treatment. In:  Van der Kolk BA,  McFarlane AC,  Weisaeth L editor. Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York: Guilford Press; 1996;p. 441–462
  51. U.S. Census Bureau. (2005). Current population survey: Annual demographic supplement (Washington: Census Bureau, March 2004 and 2005). Abramason D, Garfield R, National Center for Disaster Preparedness, operation assist. On the edge: Children and families displaced by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita face a looming medical and mental health crisis. Executive summary available at: http://www.ncdp.mailman.columbia.edu/files/marshall_plan.pdf. Accessed July 9, 2006.
  52. U.S. Census Bureau . Special population estimates for impacted counties in the Gulf Coast area. http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/emergencies/impacted_gulf_estimates.html2006, June;(accessed 25 July 2006)
  53. van der Kolk AC, Bessel A, et al. History of trauma in psychiatry. In:  Van der Kolk BA,  McFarlane AC,  Weisaeth L editor. Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York: Guilford Press; 1996;p. 117–155
  54. von Knorring, L., Thelander, S., & Pettersson, A. (2005). Treatment of anxiety syndrome. A systematic literature review. Summary and conclusions by the SBU, 102(47), 3561–3562, 3565–3566, 3569 (2005 Nov 21–27).
  55. Watanabe M. Post Katrina medicine: Be aware of symptoms of traumatic stress. Applied Neurology. Retrieved Nov 19, 2006 http://www.aaneurology.com/article/printableArticle.jhtml?articleId=175400212&printable2005;
  56. Yehuda R, Bryant R, Marmar C, Zohar J. Pathological responses to terrorism. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30:1793–1805

PII: S0883-9417(07)00115-X

doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2007.05.002

Archives of Psychiatric Nursing
Volume 21, Issue 5 , Pages 249-256 , October 2007

Article Tools