Archives of Psychiatric Nursing
Volume 22, Issue 6 , Pages 344-355 , December 2008

Assessment and Diagnostic Issues in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder

References 

  1. Achenbach T. Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont; 1991;
  2. Achenbach T. Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont; 1991;
  3. Achenbach T. Manual for the Youth Self-Report Form and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont; 1991;
  4. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. DSM-IV. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  5. Axelson D, Birmaher B, Brent D, Wassick S, Hoover C, Bridge J, et al. A preliminary study of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Mania Rating Scale for children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2003;13:463–470
  6. Axelson D, Birmaher B, Strober M, Gill M, Valeri S, Chiappetta L, et al. Phenomenology of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2006;63:1139–1148
  7. Bhangoo R, Dell M, Towbin K, Myers F, Lowe C, Pine D, et al. Clinical correlates of episodicity in juvenile mania. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2003;13(4):507–514
  8. Biederman J. Resolved: Mania is mistaken for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in prepubertal children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1998;37(10):1091–1099
  9. Biederman J. Advances in the psychopharmacology of pediatric bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2000;10:153–154
  10. Biederman J, Faraone S, Wozniak J, Mick E, Kwon A, Cayton G, et al. Clinical correlates of bipolar disorder in a large, referred sample of children and adolescents. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2005;39(6):611–622
  11. Biederman J, Kwon A, Wozniak J, Mick E, Markowitz E, Fazio V, et al. Absence of gender differences in pediatric bipolar disorder: Findings from a large sample of referred youth. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2004;83(2–3):207–214
  12. Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone S, Spencer T, Wilens T, Wozniak J. Pediatric mania: A developmental subtype of bipolar disorder?. Biological Psychiatry. 2000;48(6):458–466
  13. Birmaher B, Axelson D, Strober M, Gill M, Valeri S, Chiapetta L, et al. Clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2006;63(2):175–183
  14. Blumberg H, Fredricks C, Wang F, Kalmar J, Spencer L, Papademetris X, et al. Preliminary evidence for persistent abnormalities in amygdala volumes in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders. 2005;7:570–576
  15. Blumberg H, Kaufman J, Martin A. Amygdala and hippocampal volumes in adolescents and adults with bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003;60:1201–1208
  16. Brotman M, Schmajuk M, Rich B, Dickstein D, Guyer A, Costello E, et al. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and longitudinal course of severe mood dysregulation in children. Biological Psychiatry. 2006;60(9):991–997
  17. Carlson G. Mania and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Comorbidity or confusion?. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1998;51:177–187
  18. Carlson G, Bromet E, Sievers S. Phenomenology and outcome of subjects with early- and adult-onset psychotic mania. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;157:213–219
  19. Carter T, Mundo E, Parikh S, Kennedy J. Early age at onset as a risk factor for poor outcome of bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2003;37:297–303
  20. Chang K, Karchemskly A, Barnea-Goraly N, Garrett A, Simeonove D, Reiss A. Decreased amygdalar volume in pediatric familial bipolar disorder. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2005;44:565–573
  21. Chang K, Steiner H, Ketter T. Psychiatric phenomenology of child and adolescent bipolar offspring. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000;39:453–460
  22. Chen B, Sassi R, Axelson D, et al. Cross-sectional study of abnormal amygdala development in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2004;56:399–405
  23. DelBello M, Geller B. Review of studies of child and adolescent offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disorders. 2001;3:325–334
  24. DelBello M, Zimmerman M, Mills N, Getz G, Strakowski S. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of amygdala and other subcortical brain regions in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder. 2004;6:43–52
  25. Depeu R, Krauss S, Spoont M, Arbisi P. General Behavior Inventory identification of unipolar and bipolar affective conditions in a nonclinical university population. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1989;98:117–126
  26. Dickstein D, Milham M, Nugent A, Drevets W, Charney D, Pine D, et al. Frontotemporal alterations in pediatric bipolar disorder: Results of a voxel-based morphometry study. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005;62:734–741
  27. Dickstein D, Rich B, Binstock A, Pradella A, Towbin K, Pine D, et al. Comorbid anxiety in phenotypes of pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2005;15(4):534–548
  28. Egeland J, Hostetter A, Pauls D, Sussex J. Prodromal onset of manic–depressive disorder suggested by first hospital admission histories. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000;39(10):1245–1252
  29. Fristad M, Weller E, Weller R. The Mania Rating Scale: Can it be used in children? A preliminary report. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992;31(2):252–258
  30. Geller B, Bolhofner K, Craney J, Williams M, DelBello M, Gundersen K. Psychosocial functioning in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000;39(12):1543–1548
  31. Geller B, Craney J, Bolhofner K, Nickelsburg M, Williams M, Zimmerman B. Two-year prospective follow-up of children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;159:927–933
  32. Geller B, Sun K, Zimerman B, Luby J, Frazier J, Williams M. Complex and rapid-cycling in bipolar children and adolescents: A preliminary study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1995;34:259–268
  33. Geller B, Williams M, Zimmerman B, Frazier J, Beringer L, Warner K. Prepubertal and early adolescent bipolarity differentiate from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by manic symptoms, grandiose delusions, ultra-rapid or ultraradian cycling. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1998;51:81–91
  34. Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, Bolhofner K, Craney J, DelBello M, et al. Diagnostic characteristics of 93 cases of a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype by gender, puberty, and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2000;10(3):157–164
  35. Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, Bolhofner K, Craney J, DelBello M, et al. Six-month stability and outcome of a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2000;10(3):165–173
  36. Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, DelBello M, Frazier J, Beringer L. Phenomenology of prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder: Examples of elated mood, grandiose behaviors, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts and hypersexuality. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2002;12(1):3–9
  37. Goldstein T, Birmaher B, Axelson D, Ryan N, Strober M, Gill M, et al. History of suicide attempts in pediatric bipolar disorder: Factors associated with increased risk. Bipolar Disorders. 2005;7(6):525–535
  38. Gracious B, Youngstrom E, Findling R, Calabrese J. Discriminative validity of a parent version of the Young Mania Rating Scale. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002;41(11):1350–1359
  39. Grant B, Stinson F, Dawson D, Chou S, Ruan W, Huang B. Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of bipolar I disorder and Axis I and II disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2005;66(10):1205–1215
  40. Gunderson J, Weinberg I, Daversa M, Kueppenbender K, Zanarini M, Shea M, et al. Descriptive and longitudinal observations on the relationship of borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;163:1173–1178
  41. Hammen C, Rudolph K. Childhood mood disorders. In:  Mash E,  Barkley R editor. Child psychopathology. New York: The Guilford Press; 2003;p. 233–278
  42. Kessler R, Rubinow D, Holmes C, Abelson J, Zhao S. The epidemiology of DSM-III-R bipolar I disorder in a general population survey. Psychological Medicine. 1997;27:1079–1089
  43. Kovacs M, Pollock M. Bipolar disorder and comorbid conduct disorder in childhood and adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995;34:715–723
  44. Kowatch R, Fristad M, Birmaher B, Wagner K, Findling R, Hellander M. Treatment guidelines for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2005;44(3):213–235
  45. Kutcher S, Marton P, Korenblum M. Relationship between psychiatric illness and conduct disorder in adolescents. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1989;34(6):526–529
  46. Leibenluft E, Charney D, Towbin K, Bhangoo R, Pine D. Defining clinical phenotypes of juvenile mania. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;160:430–437
  47. Leibenluft E, Cohen P, Gorrindo T, Brook J, Pine D. Chronic versus episodic irritability in youth: A community-based, longitudinal study of clinical and diagnostic associations. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2006;16(4):456–466
  48. Leverich G, Post R. Course of bipolar illness after a history of childhood trauma. Lancet. 2006;367(9516):1040–1042
  49. Lewinsohn P, Hops H, Roberts R, Seeley J, Andrews J. Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1993;102(1):133–144
  50. Lewinsohn P, Klein D, Seeley J. Bipolar disorder in a community sample of older adolescents: Prevalence, phenomenology, comorbidity, and course. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995;34(4):454–463
  51. Lewinsohn P, Klein D, Seeley J. Bipolar disorder during adolescence and young adulthood in a community sample. Bipolar Disorders. 2000;2:281–293
  52. Lish J, Dime-Meenan S, Whybrow P, Price A, Hirschfeld R. The National Depressive and Manic–Depressive Association (DMDA) survey of bipolar members. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1994;31(4):281–294
  53. Marchand W, Wirth L, Simon C. Adverse life events and pediatric bipolar disorder in a community mental health setting. Community Mental Health Journal. 2005;41(1):67–69
  54. Masi G, Perugi G, Millepiedi S, Mucci M, Toni C, Bertini N, et al. Developmental differences according to age at onset in juvenile bipolar disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2006;16(6):679–685
  55. McClellan J, Kowatch R, Findling R. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2007;46(1):107–125
  56. National Institute of Mental Health . National Institute of Mental Health Research Roundtable on Prepubertal Bipolar Disorder. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001;40:871–878
  57. Otto M, Perlman C, Wernicke R, Reese H, Bauer M, Pollack M. Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with bipolar disorder: A review of prevalence, correlates, and treatment strategies. Bipolar Disorders. 2004;6:470–479
  58. Pavuluri M, Henry D, Devineni B, Carbray J, Birmaher B. Child Mania Rating Scale: Development, reliability, and validity. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2006;45(5):550–560
  59. Perlis R, Miyahara S, Marangell L, Wisniewski S, Ostacher M, DelBello M, et al. Long-term implications of early onset in bipolar disorder: Data from the first 1000 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Biological Psychiatry. 2004;55(9):875–881
  60. Post R, Leverich G. The role of psychosocial stress in the onset and progression of bipolar disorder and its comorbidities: The need for earlier and alternative modes of therapeutic intervention. Development and Psychopathology. 2006;18:1181–1211
  61. Post R, Leverich G, Xing G, Weiss S. Developmental vulnerabilities to the onset and course of bipolar disorder. Development and Psychopathology. 2001;13:581–598
  62. Sachs G, Baldassano C, Truman C, Guille C. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with early- and late-onset bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;157:466–468
  63. Strober M, Schmidt-Lackner S, Freeman R, Bower S, Lampert C, DeAntonio M. Recovery and relapse in adolescents with bipolar affective illness: A five-year naturalistic, prospective follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995;34(5):724–731
  64. West S, Strakowski S, Sax K, McElroy S, Keck P, McConville B. Phenomenology and comorbidity of adolescents hospitalized for the treatment of acute mania. Biological Psychiatry. 1996;39:458–460
  65. Wozniak J, Biederman J, Kiely K, Ablon S, Faraone S, Mundy E, et al. Mania-like symptoms suggestive of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in clinically referred children. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995;34(7):867–876
  66. Wozniak J, Biederman S, Faraone S, Frazier J, Kim J, Millstein R, et al. Mania in children with pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997;36(11):1552–1559
  67. Young R, Biggs J, Ziegler V, Meyer D. A rating scale for mania: Reliability, validity and sensitivity. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1978;133:429–435
  68. Youngstrom E, Findling R, Calabrese J, Gracious B, Demeter C, Bedoya D, et al. Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of six potential screening instruments for bipolar disorder in youths aged 5 to 17 years. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;43(7):847–858
  69. Youngstrom E, Findling R, Danielson C, Calabrese J. Discriminative validity of parent report of hypomanic and depressive symptoms on the General Behavior Inventory. Psychological Assessments. 2001;13:267–276
  70. Youngstrom E, Findling R, Youngstrom J, Calabrese J. Toward an evidence-based assessment of PBD. Journal of Clinical and Adolescent Psychology. 2005;34(3):433–448

PII: S0883-9417(08)00014-9

doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2007.08.006

Archives of Psychiatric Nursing
Volume 22, Issue 6 , Pages 344-355 , December 2008