Archives of Psychiatric Nursing
Volume 22, Issue 3 , Pages 135-146 , June 2008

Depressive Symptoms Among Primary Caregivers of Children With Mental Health Needs: Mediating and Moderating Variables

Received 10 February 2007 ,Revised 21 June 2007 ,Accepted 24 June 2007.

References 

  1. Achenbach TM. Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry; 1991;
  2. Anastopoulos A, Guevremont D, Shelton T, DuPaul G. Parenting stress among families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1992;20:503–520
  3. Angold A, Messer SC, Stangl D, Farmer EMZ, Costello EJ, Burns BJ. Perceived parental burden and service use for child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Public Health. 1998;88:75–80
  4. Baker D, McCal K. Parenting stress in parents of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and parents of children with learning disabilities. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 1995;4:57–68
  5. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical consideration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986;51:1173–1182
  6. Barrera M, Sandler IN, Ramsay TB. Preliminary development of a scale of social support: Studies on college students. American Journal of Community Psychology. 1981;9(4):435–447
  7. Beck CT. Maternal depression and child behavior problems: A meta-analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1999;29(3):623–629
  8. Bode H, Weidner K, Storck M. Letter to the editor: Quality of life in families of children with disabilities. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2000;42:354
  9. Bristol MM. Mothers of children with autism or communication disorders: Successful adaptation and the Double ABCX Model. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1987;17(4):469–486
  10. Casacalenda N, Perry JC, Looper K. Remission in major depressive disorder: A comparison of pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and control conditions. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002;159(8):1354–1360
  11. Catalan J, Gath DH, Bond A, Day A, Hall L. Evaluation of a brief psychological treatment for emotional disorders in primary care. Psychological Medicine. 1991;21:1013–1018
  12. Crowley MJ, Kazdin AE. Child psychosocial functioning and parent quality of life among clinically referred children. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 1998;7(2):233–251
  13. Cummings EM, Davies PT. Maternal depression and child development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1994;35:73–112
  14. Cunningham CE, Benness BB, Siegel LS. Family functioning, time allocation, and parental depression in the families of normal and ADDH children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 1988;17(2):169–177
  15. DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC, Young PR, Brown LL, et al. Cognitive therapy versus medication in the treatment of moderate to severe depression. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005;62:409–416
  16. Donohue B, DeCato LA, Azrin NH, Teichner GA. Satisfaction of parents with their conduct-disordered and substance-abusing youth. Behavior Modification. 2001;25(1):21–43
  17. Downey G, Coyne JC. Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin. 1990;108(1):50–76
  18. Dunn ME, Burbine T, Bowers CA, Tantleff-Dunn S. Moderators of stress in parents of children with autism. Community Mental Health Journal. 2001;37(1):39–52
  19. Elgar FJ, Curtis LJ, McGrath PJ, Waschbusch DA, Stewart SH. Antecedent–consequence conditions in maternal mood and child adjustment: A four-year cross-lagged study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2003;32:362–374
  20. Elgar FJ, McGrath PJ, Waschbusch DA, Stewart SH, Curtis LJ. Mutual influences on maternal depression and child adjustment problems. Clinical Psychology Review. 2004;24(4):441–459
  21. Elgar FJ, Waschbusch DA, McGrath PJ, Stewart SH, Curtis LJ. Temporal relations in daily-reported maternal mood and disruptive child behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2004;32(13):237–248
  22. Fendrich M, Warner V, Weissman MM. Family risk factors, parental depression, and psychopathology in offspring. Developmental Psychology. 1990;26:40–50
  23. Gartstein MA, Sheeber L. Child behavior problems and maternal symptoms of depression: A mediational model. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. 2004;17:141–150
  24. Gefland DM, Teti DM. The effects of maternal depression on children. Clinical Psychology Review. 1990;10:329–353
  25. Gerkensmeyer, J. (1999). Examining parent satisfaction with services for children and adolescents with mental health problems. Dissertation, Indiana University.
  26. Gerkensmeyer JE, Austin JK, Miller TK. Model testing: Examining parent satisfaction. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2006;20(2):65–75
  27. Gerkensmeyer J, Scott E, LeBaron E, Costello-Wells B, Walton K. Depression among primary caregivers of children with mental health needs. In:  Liberton C,  Kutash K,  Friedman R editor. The 18th annual research conference proceedings: A system of care for children's mental health: Expanding the research base. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, The Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, Research and Training Center for Children's Mental Health; 2006;p. 125–129
  28. Gill MJ, Harris SL. Hardiness and social support as predictors of psychological discomfort in mothers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1991;21(4):407–416
  29. Grant JS, Elliott TR, Weaver M, Bartlucci AA, Giger JN. Telephone intervention with family caregivers of stroke survivors after rehabilitation. Stroke. 2002;33:2060–2065
  30. Hammon C, Brennan PA, Shih JH. Family discord and stress predictors of depression and other disorders in adolescent children of depressed and non-depressed women. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;43(8):994–1002
  31. Harrison C, Sofronoff K. ADHD and parental psychological distress: Role of demographics, child behavioral characteristics, and parental cognitions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002;41(6):703–711
  32. Herwig JE, Wirtz M, Bengel J. Depression, partnership, social support, and parenting; Interaction of maternal factors with behavioral problems of the child. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2004;80(2-3):199–208
  33. Jae-On K, Mueller CW. Introduction to factor analysis: What it is and how to do it. Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1978;(Series, No. 14)
  34. Jae-On K, Mueller CW. Factor analysis: Statistical methods and practical issues. Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1978;(Series, No. 14)
  35. Johnston C. Parent characteristics and parent–child interactions in families of nonproblem children and ADHD children with higher and lower levels of oppositional-defiant behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1996;2485–2504
  36. Kazdin AE, Wassell G. Predictors of barriers to treatment and therapeutic change in outpatient therapy for antisocial children and their families. Mental Health Services Research. 2000;2(1):27–40
  37. Koren PE, DeChillo N, Friesen BJ. Measuring empowerment in families whose children have emotional disabilities: A brief questionnaire. Rehabilitation Psychology. 1992;37(4):305–321
  38. Lazarus RS. Evolution of a model of stress, coping, and discrete emotions. In:  Rice VH editors. Handbook of stress, coping, and health. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc; 2000;p. 195–222
  39. Lynch DJ, Tamburrino M, Nagel R. Telephone counseling for patients with minor depression: Preliminary findings in a family practice setting. Journal of Family Practice. 1997;44(3):293–299
  40. Mash EJ, Johnston C. Parental perceptions of child behavior problems, parenting self-esteem, and mothers' reported stress in younger and older hyperactive and normal children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1983;17(4):86–99
  41. McCarty CA, McMahon RJ. Mediators of the relation between maternal depressive symptoms and child internalizing and disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Family Psychology. 2003;17(4):545–556
  42. McLeary L. Parenting adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Analysis of the literature for social work practice. Health and Social Work. 2002;27(4):285–292
  43. Milgram NA, Atzil A. Parenting stress in raising autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1988;18(3):415
  44. Modell JD, Modell JG, Wallander J, Hodgens B, Duke L, Wisely D. Maternal ratings of child behavior improve with treatment of maternal depression. Family Medicine. 2001;33(9):691–695
  45. Mynors-Wallis LM, Gath DH, Day A, Baker F. Randomised controlled trial of problem solving treatment, antidepressant medication and combined treatment for major depression in primary care. BMJ. 2000;320(7226):26–30
  46. National Mental Health Association , Federation of Families for Children's Mental Health . All system's failure: An examination of the results of neglecting the needs of children with serious emotional disturbance. Washington, DC: National Mental Health Association; 1993;
  47. Nelson DR, Hammen C, Brennan PA, Ullman JB. The impact of maternal depression on adolescent adjustment: The role of expressed emotion. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2003;71:935–944
  48. Nicholson J, Clayfield JC. Responding to depression in parents. Pediatric Nursing. 2004;30(2):136–142
  49. Patterson J, Mockford C, Stewart-Brown S. Parents' perceptions of the value of the Webster–Stratton Parenting Programme: A qualitative study of a general practice based initiative. Child: Care, Health & Development. 2005;31(1):53–64
  50. Pearlin LI, Schooler C. The structure of coping. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1978;22:337–356
  51. Podolski C, Nigg JT. Parent stress and coping in relation to child ADHD severity and associated child disruptive behavior problems. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 2001;30(4):503–513
  52. Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement. 1977;1:385–401
  53. Reid MJ, Webster-Stratton C, Baydar N. Halting the development of conduct problems in Head Start children: The effects of parent training. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2004;33(2):279–291
  54. Reinhard SC. Living with mental illness: Effects of professional support and personal control on caregiver burden. Research in Nursing and Health. 1994;17(2):79–88
  55. Rodrique JR, Morgan SB, Geffken GR. Psychosocial adaptation of fathers of children with autism, Down syndrome, and normal development. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1992;22(2):249–263
  56. Sharpley CF, Bitsika V. Influence of gender, parental health, and perceived expertise of assistance upon stress, anxiety, and depression among parents of children with autism. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability. 1997;22(1):19–29
  57. Smilkstein G. The family APGAR: A proposal for a family function test and its use by physicians. Journal of Family Practice. 1978;6(6):1231–1239
  58. Tamplin A, Goodyer IM, Herbert J. Family functioning and parent general health in families of adolescents with major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1998;48:1–13
  59. Tunali B, Power TG. Coping by redefinition: Cognitive appraisals in mothers of children with autism and children without autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2002;32(1):25–34
  60. U.S. Public Health Service . Report of the Surgeon General's conference on children's mental health: A national agenda. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000;
  61. Vitanza SA, Guarnaccia CA. A model of psychological distress for mothers of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 1999;8(1):27–45
  62. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short form health survey (SF-36). Medical Care. 1992;30(6):473–481
  63. Webster-Stratton C, Kolpacoff M, Hollinsworth T. Self-administered videotape therapy for families with conduct-problem children: Comparison with two cost-effective treatments and a control group. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1988;56(4):558–566
  64. Weiss MJ. Hardiness and social support as predictors of stress in mothers of typical children, children and autism, and children with mental retardation. Autism. 2002;6(1):115–130
  65. Zahn-Waxler C, Iannotti RJ, Cummings EM, Denham S. Antecedents of problem behaviors in children of depressed mothers. Development and Psychopathology. 1990;2:271–291

 This research was funded in part by Grant P30 NR05035 from the National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, to the Center for Enhancing Quality of Life in Chronic Illness at Indiana University School of Nursing, the Indiana Division of Mental Health and Addiction, and the Association for the Advancement of Mental Health Research and Education, Inc. The authors thank the coinvestigators, Erika LeBaron, Brenda Costello Wells, and Kim Walton, for help with recruitment; the participants for their efforts; and Phyllis Dexter for editorial assistance.

PII: S0883-9417(08)00025-3

doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2007.06.016

Archives of Psychiatric Nursing
Volume 22, Issue 3 , Pages 135-146 , June 2008