Archives of Psychiatric Nursing
Volume 23, Issue 5 , Pages 351-358 , October 2009

Encopresis: A guide for Psychiatric Nurses

  • Lyons T. Hardy

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding Author: Lyons T. Hardy, M.S.N., R.N., 824 N 35th St., Richmond, VA 23223.

References 

  1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed., text revision. Washington, DC: Author; 2000;
  2. Bishop E, McKinnon E, Weir E, Brown DW. Reflexology in the management of encopresis and chronic constipation. Paediatric Nursing. 2003;15:20–21
  3. Cerezo MA, Pons-Salvador G. Modifying the family process in two cases of physical child abuse and secondary functional encopresis. Child Maltreatment. 1998;3:171–185
  4. Croffie JM, Ammar MS, Pfefferkorn MD, Horn D, Klipsch A, Fitzgerald JF, et al. Assessment of the effectiveness of biofeedback in children with dyssynergic defecation and recalcitrant constipation/encopresis: Does home biofeedback improve long-term outcomes?. Clinical Pediatrics. 2005;44:63–71
  5. Ehrenreich JT, Boggs KM, Seif TA, Strother DM, Gross AM. It's a dirty job: Mental health consultation and the challenge of treating encopresis in a preadolescent. Clinical Case Studies. 2003;2:20–33
  6. Field CE, Friman PC. Encopresis. In:  Fisher JE,  O'Donohue WT editor. Practitioner's guide to evidence-based psychotherapy. New York: Springer; 2006;p. 277–283
  7. Foreman DM, Thambirajah MS. Conduct disorder, enuresis, and specific developmental delays in two types of encopresis: A case-note study of 63 boys. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996;5:33–37
  8. Foreman DM, Thambirajah M. Letter to the editor. Child Abuse & Neglect. 1998;22:337
  9. Goldenthal P. Helping children and families: A new treatment model integrating psychodynamic, behavioral, and contextual approaches. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2005;
  10. Johnson CH, Mullins LL, Walker CE. Elimination disorder. In:  Hersen M editors. Clinical behavior therapy: Adults and children. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2002;
  11. Joinson C, Heron J, Butler U, von Gontard A, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team . Psychological differences between children with and without soiling problems. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1575–1583
  12. Klages T, Geller B, Tillman R, Bolhofner K, Zimmerman B. Controlled study of encopresis and enuresis in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar-I disorder phenotype. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2005;44:1050–1056
  13. McGrath ML, Mellon MW, Murphy L. Emprically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: Constipation and encopresis. Journal of Pediatric Psycholgoy. 2000;25:225–254
  14. Mellon MW. Enuresis and encopresis. In:  Bear GG,  Minke KM editor. Children's needs III: Development, prevention, and intervention. Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists; 2006;p. 1041–1053
  15. Mellon MW, Whiteside SP, Friedrich WN. The relevance of fecal soiling as an indicator of child sexual abuse: A preliminary analysis. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 2006;27:25–32
  16. Mikkelsen EJ. Enuresis and encopresis: Ten years of progress. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001;40:1146–1158
  17. Morrow J, Yeager CA, Lewis DO. Encopresis and sexual abuse in a sample of boys in residential treatment. Child Abuse & Neglect. 1996;21:11–18
  18. Murphy S, Carney T. The classification of soiling and encopresis and a possible treatment protocol. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 2004;9:125–129
  19. O'Connor T. Helping children with enuresis and encopresis. Kai Tiaki Nursing New Zealand. 2003;9:21
  20. Philichi L. When the going gets tough: Pediatric constipation and encopresis. Gastroenterology Nursing. 2008;31:121–130
  21. Radford J, Anderson M. Encopresis in children on the autistic spectrum. Early Child Development and Care. 2003;173:375–382
  22. Reid H, Bahar RJ. Treatment of encopresis and chronic constipation in young children: Clinical results from interactive parent–child guidance. Clinical Pediatrics. 2006;45:157–164
  23. Ritterband LM, Cox DJ, Walker LS, Kovatchev B, McKnight L, Patel K, et al. An internet intervention as adjunctive therapy for pediatric encopresis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2003;71:910–917
  24. Secco L. Review: Behavioural interventions plus laxatives are effective for defecation disorders in children, but biofeedback does not add benefit. Evidence Based Nursing. 2002;5:76
  25. Thomson L. Hypnosis for children with elimination disorders. In:  Wester WC,  Sugarman LI editor. Therapeutic hypnosis with children and adolescents. Bethel, CT: Crown House Publishing; 2007;p. 387–415
  26. Ünal F, Pehlivantürk B. Comorbid psychiatric disorders in 201 cases of encopresis. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics. 2004;46:350–353
  27. van Dijk M, Benninga MA, Grootenhuis MA, Onland-van Nieuwenhuizen A-M, Last BF. Chronic childhood constipation: A review of the literature and the introduction of a protocolized behavioral intervention program. Patient Education and Counseling. 2007;67:63–77
  28. VanScoyoc SM. Elimination disorders. In:  Waller RJ editors. Fostering child & adolescent mental health in the classroom. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2006;p. 45–55
  29. Vitito LM. Self-care interventions for the school-aged child with encopresis. Gastroenterology Nursing. 2000;23:73–77
  30. von Gontard A. Elimination disorders: Enuresis and encopresis. In:  Gillberg C,  Harrington R,  Steinhausen H-C editor. A clinician's handbook of child and adolescent psychiatry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006;p. 625–654
  31. Walsh T, Menvielle E. Disorders of elimination. In:  Wiener JM,  Dulcan MK editor. The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of child and adolescent psychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2004;p. 743–750

PII: S0883-9417(08)00170-2

doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2008.09.002

Archives of Psychiatric Nursing
Volume 23, Issue 5 , Pages 351-358 , October 2009