Highlights
- •Initial Body Mass Index or BMI was significantly associated with initial (time 1) symptoms of depression
- •Initial perceived racism and discrimination were significantly associated with higher initial symptoms of depression.
- •Elevated BMI, perceived racism and discrimination were associated with greater symptoms of depression
Abstract
Purpose
The association between symptoms of depression and risks for cardiovascular disease
(CVD) remains equivocal for African American (AA) mothers. We examined the association
between social determinants of health (perceived discrimination), and cardiovascular
risk (BMI) on symptoms of depression in a sample of young AA mothers.
Methods
Secondary data from 219 adult AA mothers between the ages of 21 and 46 with an average
BMI of 29.8 and yearly family income of $14,999 were analyzed using a latent growth
model that evaluated four time points to assess changes in symptoms of depression.
Results
Initial BMI was significantly associated with initial symptoms of depression (b = 0.12, p = .019). Perceived discrimination (unfair treatment) was associated with higher initial
symptoms of depression (b = 1.14, p = .017).
Conclusion
The findings suggest that elevated BMI and perceived discrimination are associated
with higher reported symptoms of depression among young, socioeconomically disadvantaged
AA mothers. These results advance the scientific understanding of young AA mothers'
risk for symptoms of depression and CVD by elucidating the impact of perceived discrimination
and social experiences on mental health. Further studies of SDoH and CVD risk factors
and perceived racism and depression are needed to shed light on the long-term mental
health impact on AA mothers and their children.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Archives of Psychiatric NursingAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Measuring the impact of multiple discrimination on depression in Europe.BMC Public Health. 2019; 19: 435
- Discrimination linked to increased stress, poorer health, American Psychological Association survey finds.(Retrieved from)
- Additive effects of anxiety and depression on body mass index among Blacks: Role of ethnicity and gender.International Cardiovascular Research Journal. 2014; 8 (Retrieved from): 44-51
- Association between obesity and depression among American Blacks: Role of ethnicity and gender.Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 2014; 1: 36-44https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-014-0007-5
- Psychosocial correlates of body mass index in the United States: Intersection of race, gender and age.Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2016; 10: e3458https://doi.org/10.17795/ijpbs-3458
- Race attribution modifies the association between daily discrimination and major depressive disorder among Blacks: The role of gender and ethnicity.Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 2015; 2: 200-210https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-014-0064-9
- Resident characteristics and neighborhood environments on health-related quality of life and stress.Journal of Community Psychology. 2017; 45: 1011-1025https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21907
- Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation.Clinical Psychology Review. 1988; 8: 77-100
- Prevalence of depression among adults aged 20 and over: United States, 2013–2016 (NCHS Data Brief, no. 303).https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/dataDate: 2018
- Lower depression scores associated with greater weight loss among rural Black women in a behavioral weight loss program.Translational Behavioral Medicine. 2017; 7: 320-329https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-016-0452-2
- Sustained obesity and depressive symptoms over 6 years: Race by gender differences in the health and retirement study.Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2016; 8: 312https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00312
- African Americans heart disease and stroke fact sheet.(Retrieved from)
- Alternative methods for measuring obesity in African American women.Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 2013; 86 (Retrieved from): 29-39
Commission on the Social Determinants of Health. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2008/WHO_IER_CSDH_08.1_eng.pdf on May 20, 2011.
- Major depressive disorder and cardiovascular disease in African-American women.Journal of Social Service Research. 2017; 43: 624-634
- The intergenerational impact of genetic and psychological factors on blood pressure study (InterGEN) design and methods for recruitment and psychological measures.Nursing Research. 2016; 65: 331-338https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000163
- Exploring the association between reported discrimination and hypertension among African Americans: A systematic review.Ethnicity & Disease. 2012; 22: 422-431
- Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity (Supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General)..2001 (Retrieved from)
- Depression and the link with cardiovascular disease.Frontiers in Psychiatry/Frontiers Research Foundation. 2016; 7: 33
- Perceived racial discrimination and hypertension: A comprehensive systematic review.Health Psychology. 2014; 33: 20-34
- The ABC’s of LGM: An introductory guide to latent variable growth curve modeling.Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2009; 3: 979-991
- Genome-wide association study (GWAS) and genome-wide by environment interaction study (GWEIS) of depressive symptoms in African American and Hispanic/Latina women.Depression and Anxiety. 2016; 33: 265-280https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22484
- Intersectional experiences of discrimination in a low-resource urban community: An exploratory latent class analysis.Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. 2018; 28: 80-93https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2342
- Perceived discrimination and incident cardiovascular events.American Journal of Epidemiology. 2015; 182: 225-234
- An epidemiology study of population health reveals social smoking as a major cardiovascular risk factor.American Journal of Health Promotion. 2018; 32: 1221-1227https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117117706420
- Multiple perceived reasons for major discrimination and depression.Society and Mental Health. 2013; 3: 203-220
- Missing data analysis: Making it work in the real world.Annual Review of Psychology. 2009; 60: 549-576https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530
- Intersection of race-ethnicity and gender in depression care: Screening, access, and minimally adequate treatment.Psychiatric Services. 2015; 66: 258-264https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400116
- Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2015–2016. NCHS Data Brief, no 288.National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD2017
- Race/ethnicity, gender, and trajectories of depressive symptoms across early- and mid-life among the add health cohort.J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. 2020; 7: 619-629https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-019-00692-8
Healthy People 2020 [Internet]. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health.
- The weight of racism: Vigilance and racial inequalities in weight-related measures.Social Science & Medicine. 2018; 199: 157-166https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.058
- Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification.Psychological Methods. 1998; 3: 424https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
- The gender wage gap: 2018 earnings differences by race and ethnicity.(Retrieved from)
- Intersection of race, ethnicity, immigration, and cultural influences on the nature and distribution of major depression.in: Regier D.A. Narrow W.E. Kuhl E.A. Kupfer D.J. The conceptual evolution of DSM-V. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC2010: 303-326
- Obesity, perceived weight discrimination, and hair cortisol: A population-based study.Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018; 98: 67-73https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.018
- Association of perceived racial discrimination with eating behaviors and obesity among participants of the SisterTalk study.Journal of National Black Nurses’ Association: JNBNA. 2012; 23: 3440
- Experiences of discrimination: Validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health.Social Science and Medicine. 2005; : 1576-1596https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.006
- Chapter 1 - Stress, depression, and cardiovascular disease.in: Chantler P.D. Larkin K.T. Cardiovascular implications of stress and depression (pp. 1–12). Academic Press, 2020
- Self-reported experiences of discrimination and cardiovascular disease.Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports. 2014; 8: 365
- Prevalence of depression in patients with hypertension. A systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine. 2015; 94e1317https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000001317
- Social stress, obesity, and depression among women: Clarifying the role of physical activity.Ethnicity & Health. 2019; 24: 662-678
- Exploring a relationship between race-related stress and emotional eating for collegiate Black American women.Women & Health. 2019; 59: 240-251https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2018.1478361
- Obesity and depression in U.S. women: Results from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Obesity. 2010; 18: 347-353https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.213
- Cumulative trauma among Mayas living in southeast Florida.Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0337-3
- Mplus user’s guide.8th ed. Muthén & Muthén, Los Angeles, CA1998–2017
- Obesity and African Americans.Table. 2018; 26 (Retrieved from)
- Racial and gender discrimination in the stress process: Implications for African American women’s health and well-being.Sociological Perspectives. 2013; 56: 25-48
- Depression in the U.S. household population, 2009–2012. NCHS Data Brief, no 172.National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD2014
- Association of weight discrimination during pregnancy and postpartum with maternal postpartum health.Health Psychology. 2019; 38: 226-237
- Changes in experiences with discrimination across pregnancy and postpartum: Age differences and consequences for mental health.American Journal of Public Health. 2015; 105: 686-693
- Intergenerational consequences: Women’s experiences of discrimination in pregnancy predict infant social-emotional development at 6 months and 1 year.Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 2018; 39: 228-237
- Ruiz P. Primm A. Disparities in psychiatric care: Clinical and cross-cultural perspectives. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia2010
- Neighborhood racial discrimination and the development of major depression.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2019; 127: 150-159
- Body mass index and depressive symptoms in older adults: The moderating roles of race, sex, and socioeconomic status.The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2007; 15: 815-825
- The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review.Psychological Bulletin. 2014; 4 (Retrieved from)
- Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among African American women in Detroit: Results from a longitudinal analysis.American Journal of Public Health. 2006; 96: 1265-1270
- Perceived discrimination and hypertension among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study.American Journal of Public Health. 2012; 102: S258-S265
- A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health (discussion paper series on social determinants of health, 2).World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland2010 (Retrieved from)
- Perceived discrimination, social stress, and depression in the transition to adulthood: Racial contrasts.Social Psychology Quarterly. 2002; 65: 213-225
- The intergenerational impact of genetic and psychological factors on blood pressure (InterGEN) study: Design and methods for complex DNA analysis.Biological Research for Nursing. 2016; 18: 521-530https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800416645399
- Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity: A supplement to mental health: A report of the surgeon general.(Retrieved from)
- Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and mental health: A review and future directions for social epidemiology.Current Epidemiology Reports. 2017; 4: 156-165
- Social determinants of health.Oxford University Press, New York2005
- Depression and obesity: A meta-analysis of community-based studies.Psychiatry Research. 2010; 178: 230-235https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.015
- Discrimination and help-seeking: Use of professional services and informal support among African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and non-Hispanic Whites with a mental disorder.Race and Social Problems. 2011; 3: 146
- Mental health: Depression.2011 (Retrieved from)
- Spearman rank correlation.Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. 2005; 7https://doi.org/10.1002/0470011815.b2a15150
Zhao, G., Ford, E. S., Li, C., Tsai, J., Dhingra, S., & Balluz, L. S. (2011). Waist circumference, abdominal obesity, and depression among overweight and obese U.S. adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006. BMC Psychiatry, 11, 130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-11-130.
Article Info
Publication History
Published online: November 24, 2020
Accepted:
September 12,
2020
Received in revised form:
April 9,
2020
Received:
November 28,
2019
Identification
Copyright
© 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
